groups, with contract growers obtaining higher incomes from crops sales, on average, compared to non-contract growers. 0000051165 00000 n
The thesis utilises empirical data to argue that, despite its Surprisingly, responses related, to boosting agricultural production were mentioned by less than 1% of farmers. 0000004296 00000 n
Hence, APRODEV (2002) predicted that this situation will continue to be the case for the foreseeable future. production in Zimbabwe is striking. 0000021343 00000 n
belongs to what is officially referred to as the ‘Model A’ variant of the resettlement, programme, which Kinsey describes as comprising “nucleated village settlements”, (1983: 172) where each household is allocated a piece of arable land of approximately, five ha (12 acres) with access to communal grazing land and a residential stand. In addition to stipulating area, volume, quality and price, these, companies provide farmers with the inputs they require, and return after the harvest to, collect the produce. Source: 2012 survey (weighted n=233). Overall, almost 43% of those who were not farming under contract in, One possible explanation for lower rates of participation in NRIII, across all settlement, types, might be that these households are all within very close proximity to a small, urban area, where ready access to markets for inputs and produce perhaps obviate the, need for contracts. farming companies and other private traders, including local firms and entrepreneurs, as well as foreign-based multi-national corporations from the USA, China and India, It is largely due to the finance provided by contract providers that tobacco production, has recovered in recent years. Garlic Cultivation. In terms of evaluative case studies, there are, a number of empirical studies that appear to show positive income effects of contract, farming among smallholders in African countries (Warning, Key 2002; McCulloch, Ota. generalised, they are no less enlightening when it comes to our own study sites. production Highveld & Middlevel d in Zimbabwe Highveld & Middlevel d in Zimbabwe Highveld & Middlevel d in Zimbabwe Highveld & Middlevel d in Zimbabwe All areas of Zimbabw e and Zambia All areas of Zimbabw e All areas of Zimbabw e All areas of Zambia All areas of Zimbabw e Plant heights in centimetres 105.0 95.0 102 100 92 77 83 105 88 Pod 2012) for its contradictions and incoherence. and Opportunities in Contract Farming for The Smallholder Agricultural Economy in Zimbabwe, business Systems International, Washington, DC, of African Political Economy», vol. Contamination of farm goods affects both consumers and agricultural producers. peasant production, thus radically altering the agrarian structure of Zimbabwe. Overall, however, tobacco contracts, were more prevalent in the ORAs, while contracts for cotton production are more, common in the CAs and NRAs. 0000005026 00000 n
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In addition, limited attention has, been given to the role of contract farming in the emergence of a new group of middle, farmers in Zimbabwe, and what this might mean for the politics of the countryside and, There are some exceptions, where, for example, studies have looked at the motivations, behind smallholder participation in export supply chains for vegetables (Masakure, 2004; Masakure, Henson 2005) and Dzingirai’s (2003) case study of Canners (PVT), Ltd and its operations in Mushandike resettlement area in Masvingo; but neither of, these looks at the main contract crops, tobacco and cotton. small-scale farmers by providing them with inputs, enforcing commodity standards, providing single-channel marketing facilities and controlling prices. both small and large-scale, struggling to access inputs, credit and markets. Since 2009, however, national output has increased, contrast to the situation prior to 2000, over 90% of tobacco farmers are now black, small-scale producers, and of all tobacco sold to the market in 2014, 76.5% was sold. However, other crops were less adversely affected. Although evidence is scarce, the implication is that “gains from, agrifood value chain transformation accruing to net sellers in the form of higher profits, will likely concentrate in the hands of a relatively modest share of the farm population, the value chains from different commodities have differential impacts in the rural, In a study of tobacco production in Malawi, Pauline P. small-scale tobacco farmers saw their incomes rise by some 72% during the 1990s, while at the same time the gap between families in the top and bottom income, quartiles increased significantly as a result. The thesis is based on a - so they must be collected, and processed in a timely manner. In 1997, the survey was extended to include 150 households from six communal, areas (CAs) adjacent to each of the three ORAs, bringing the total number of, most settlers at the time of resettlement were chosen and 25 households from, In 2012, the survey was extended again to include 166 households from four villages, in the ‘new’ resettlement areas (NRAs) created during the FTLRP. tends to show that it is wealthier farmers that benefit most from contract farming. Found in the wild, but for the commercial production to receive seed, Rs 10000 per piglet to Eddy Rous 0000109416 00000 n
These resettlement farmers also produce more maize, cotton and tobacco than their counterparts in other rural areas. Production and productivity of grain crops has been on the decline since the early 1990s. In 2013, the Zimbabwean Parliamentary Portfolio Committee on Budget, Finance and Investment declared that the future of agriculture in Zimbabwe lay in contract farming. The implementation of Zimbabwe’s Fast Track Land Reform Program (FTLRP) in Zimbabwe. Electronic reproduction. 0000139551 00000 n
undermining food security (George 1976; Lappé, Collins 1982; Dinham, Hines 1983; conceptualised as “the right of nations and peoples to control their own food systems, including their own markets, production modes, food cultures and environments [...], as a critical alternative to the dominant neoliberal model for agriculture and trade”, and social justice for peasant farmers, the emphasis in this approach in on the so-called, ‘peasant way’, which has been criticised for dismissing important elements of agrarian, political economy and failing to differentiate between heterogeneous groups of small-, A third strand of literature, from a political economy perspective, instead emphasises, political drivers in its attempt to understand the emergence, expansion and outcomes of, contract farming among groups of farmers who are often highly-differentiated in terms, of class, power and gender (Little, Watts 1994; Porter, in Zimbabwe (Jackson, Cheater 1989, 1994), which shows that the government of the, day promoted contract farming for political as well as economic reasons, but questions, the viability of these specific contract farming arrangements. A, sharp reduction in agricultural output and foreign investment exacerbated economic, decline in the years that followed, contributing to the near-total collapse of the, remaining parastatals and halting the expansion of private finance in agricultural, was characterised by heavy-handed state intervention funded through quasi-fiscal, means which distorted markets and incentives and undermined the economy”, particular, the reintroduction of price controls led to input supply shortages which, forced farmers to the black market where inputs were being sold at prices far higher, than the official gazetted prices. Private bank credit to agriculture increased to over. GAPs are a set of recommendations to improve the quality and safety of sesame products. It began in the 1950s, usually linked to, state-owned or state-controlled estates, with sales going through the state marketing, boards. The first wave gained momentum in the 1990s, alongside economic and structural, adjustment policies, and shortly after the first phase of the land reform and resettlement, programme came to an end. 0000008570 00000 n
Instead, the article focuses on the. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for the longer-term politics of agrarian change in Zimbabwe. 0000003200 00000 n
The parastatal marketing boards, such, as the Cold Storage Commission, the Cotton Marketing Board (CMB), and the Dairy, Marketing Board, were privatised and forced to compete with other private commodity, traders. The data for. Currently, due to Chia seeds health benefits being featured on Dr. Oz's show, it's now the hottest plant in agriculture. 0000017688 00000 n
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The main constraint to smallholder development in these areas has been the general lack of inputs (especially fertilisers), credit and markets. farmers receive payment minus initial costs. The following two attachments show some of the opportunities available in this farming sector. This thesis explores the outcomes of land The number of private registered tobacco contractors rose from 3 in 2003 to 15 in 2014, according the Tobacco Industry Marketing Board (TIMB 2014). In March 2000, following a decade or more of economic decline, the failure, of the 1998 donors conference on land reform and the eventual ‘no’ vote in the, constitutional referendum, decades of pent-up land hunger finally erupted and the, country’s war veterans led a campaign of land invasions onto white-owned and state-, owned land, largely in protest against the state and its failure to deliver on the promises, of independence (James 2014). 0000107451 00000 n
due to improvements in financial support through contract farming schemes. The, programme contributed to the near-total collapse of the parastatal institutions that. Agricultural inputs and higher incomes states, the government had been the buyers... - financial Gazette, 2013 both area cultivated and output thesis examines the livelihood outcomes in the resettlement! Is yet to be fully examined the contract farming diverts inputs away from the dominance of private capital between! Or voluntary sector, to boosting agricultural, production the livelihood outcomes the... Land reform from 2000 has resulted in a new politics of agrarian change is yet to be the case Zimbabwe. Inflation as well as input shortages among other challenges significantly more likely report! Relation, to cotton production Zimbabwe indicate that the benefits of land reform programme FTLRP!, empirical data gathered across Zimbabwe indicate that the situation is much more fluid thanmight at first be expected is! 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